The Power Of Logic 5th Edition By Howard-Snyder – Test Bank

10 Key
1. Which of the following is not a requirement for an argument to be cogent?
A. The conclusion must be true.
B. The premises must be true.
C. It must be probable that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
D. The truth of the premises must make the conclusion probable.
Howard – Chapter 10 #1
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
2. The essential feature of a strong argument is that
A. it has a true conclusion.
B. it has all true premises.
C. the conclusion is likely (but not necessarily) true, if the premises are true.
D. the conclusion is necessarily true, if the premises are true.
Howard – Chapter 10 #2
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
3. Which of the following is the form of a statistical syllogism?
A. A is similar to B in relevant respects, and B has property P. So, A has property P.
B. x percent of a sample of A is B. So, approximately x percent of A is B.
C. x percent of A is B. c is an A. So, c is a B.
D. R is reliable, and R asserts that S. So, S.
Howard – Chapter 10 #3
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
4. The fallacy of incomplete evidence is committed when
A. one argues that something is true given that it hasn’t been shown to be false.
B. one seeks to meet the standard of strength but knowingly omits relevant evidence.
C. one constructs a valid argument using premises that are not known to be true.
D. one unknowingly omits relevant evidence that could have been discovered through some
investigation.
Howard – Chapter 10 #4
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
5. Which of the following is a statistical syllogism?
A
.
18 percent of all students who take beginning chemistry fail the course; Mark is taking beginning
chemistry; so, Mark will fail the course.
B
.
61 percent of people who watch television at least four hours per day are illiterate; the people on my
dorm floor watch at least four hours of television per day; so 61 percent of the people on my dorm
floor are illiterate.
C
.
100 percent of the ingredients in this cake are of the highest quality; flour is an ingredient in this
cake; so, the flour in this cake is of the highest quality.
D
.
83 percent of people who smoke cigarettes experience serious related health problems later in life;
Chris smokes cigarettes; so, Chris will experience serious related health problems later in life.
Howard – Chapter 10 #5
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
6. The primary difference between inductive and deductive logic is that
A. deductive logic evaluates arguments for validity while inductive logic evaluates arguments for
strength.
B
.
deductive logic evaluates arguments whose premises are general and whose conclusion is specific,
while inductive logic evaluates arguments whose premises are specific and whose conclusion is
general.
C. deductive logic provides algorithms for testing arguments, while inductive logic is intuitive.
D
.
deductive logic can be used to determine the truth of the premises, while inductive logic can only
indicate whether the premises are likely to be true.
Howard – Chapter 10 #6
Subject area: 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications
7. Which of the following is the form of an argument from authority?
A. A is similar to B in relevant respects, and B has property P. So, A has property P.
B. x percent of a sample of A is B. So, approximately x percent of A is B.
C. x percent of A is B. c is an A. So, c is a B.
D. R is reliable, and R asserts that S. So, S.
Howard – Chapter 10 #7
Subject area: 10.2 Arguments from Authority and Induction by Enumeration
8. Arguments from authority involve appeals to what kind of authority?
A. organizational authorities (e.g., a superior officer in the military)
B. cognitive authorities (e.g., an expert witness)
C. legal authorities (e.g., a judge)
D. academic authorities (e.g., a college professor)
Howard – Chapter 10 #8
Subject area: 10.2 Arguments from Authority and Induction by Enumeration
9. A fallacy of incomplete evidence is committed in an argument from authority when the arguer
A. fails to note that an equally reliable authority denies the conclusion.
B. fails to address questions of clarity.
C. fails to identify anyone who disagrees with the authority cited.
D. fails to provide evidence that the authority cited is a reliable cognitive authority.
Howard – Chapter 10 #9
Subject area: 10.2 Arguments from Authority and Induction by Enumeration
10. Arguments from authority may fail in all of the following ways except
A. committing a fallacy of incomplete evidence.
B. drawing on a misinterpretation of the authority cited.
C. failing to cite a majority of experts on the topic in question.
D. appealing to the opinion of an organizational authority.
H