Neuroscience Fundamentals Rehabilitation 4th Edition By Lundy Ekman – Test Bank

Lundy-Ekman: Neuroscience: Fundamentals for Rehabilitation, 4th Edition

 Chapter 11: Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Movement

Test Bank

1. How does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons?
2. Neurons in the basal ganglia that have axonal connections directly to spinal lower motor neurons.
3. Neural connections with the cerebellum.
4. Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neurons.
5. Direct connections from the striatum to lower motor neurons.
6. Neurons from the subthalamic nucleus directly synapse with spinal lower motor neurons.

ANS: C

Rationale: The motor output from the basal ganglia inhibits three structures: pedunculopontine nucleus, the midbrain locomotor region, and motor areas of the thalamus. Neurons from these three structures project to the reticulospinal tracts and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. So motor information from the basal ganglia reaches lower motor neurons via multisynaptic routes involving corticospinal and reticulospinal tracts and stepping pattern generators. There are no direct connections from the basal ganglia to spinal lower motor neurons. A direct connection would be a neuron that directly synapses with the lower motor neuron. Corticospinal neurons have direct connections with lower motor neurons.

2. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop contributes to:
3. Regulation of muscle force
4. Sequencing of movements
5. Regulation of muscle tone
6. Selection and inhibition of specific motor synergies
7. All of the above

ANS: E

Rationale: The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop regulates muscle contraction, muscle force, multijoint movements, and sequencing of movements.

3. Major roles of the cerebellum are to:
4. Compare actual movement to intended movement.
5. Adjust movements to existing conditions.
6. Provide conscious awareness of proprioceptive information.
7. Both A and B
8. A, B, and C

ANS: D

Rationale: The cerebellum compares actual movement to intended movement and adjusts movements to existing conditions. However, all cerebellar activity is subconscious.

4. Dyskinesia is a side effect caused by prolonged use of which one of the following chemical agents for treatment of Parkinson’s disease?
5. Acetylcholinesterase
6. L-dopa
7. Botulinum
8. Baclofen
9. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists

ANS: B

Rationale: Prolonged use of L-dopa for treatment of Parkinson’s disease can cause dyskinesia because the drug L-dopa is converted to dopamine is converted to dopamine in the brain and an excess of dopamine in the striatal output pathway disinhibits the motor thalamus. In turn the motor thalamus overstimulates the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, producing involuntary movements.

5. Deep brain stimulation of which structure is safe and effective for reducing tremors in Parkinson’s disease?
6. Putamen
7. Caudate
8. Thalamus
9. Substantia nigra
10. Red nucleus

ANS: C

Rationale: Deep brain stimulation of the thalamus is safe and effective for reducing Parkinson’s disease tremors.

6. Which of the following is (are) associated with the emergence of focal hand dystonia?
7. Excessive repetition or overuse
8. Somatotopic degradation of somatosensory cortex
9. Central impairment of proprioception
10. Both A and B
11. A, B, and C

ANS: E

Rationale: Excessive repetition or overuse of the hand causes somatotopic degradation of somatosensory cortex and central impairment of proprioception, leading to focal hand dystonia in genetically susceptible people.

7. Which one of the following brain structures is part of the basal ganglia motor circuit?
8. Primary motor cortex and premotor cortical areas
9. Putamen
10. Thalamus
11. All of the above

ANS: D

Rationale: The basal ganglia motor circuit includes the cerebral cortex motor areas, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus, and motor areas of the thalamus.

8. The basal ganglia are important for influencing motor movements but is also involved in other types of behavior. Which of the following additional loops involves the basal ganglia?
9. Oculomotor loop
10. Executive loop
11. Behavioral flexibility and control loop
12. All of the above

ANS: D

Rationale: The basal ganglia are critical parts of four additional and separate, parallel cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loops: oculomotor, executive, behavioral flexibility and control, and limbic.

9. Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in goal-directed behavior, planning, and choosing actions in context?
10. Motor loop
11. Executive loop
12. Behavioral flexibility and control loop
13. Limbic loop

ANS: B

Rationale: The execute loop of the basal ganglia participates in goal-directed behavior, including evaluating information for making perceptual decisions, planning, and choosing actions in context.

10. Which one of the following basal ganglia loops is involved in recognizing it is socially inappropriate to burp out loud in the middle of lecture?
11. Motor loop
12. Executive loop
13. Behavioral flexibility and control loop
14. Limbic loop

ANS: C

Rationale: The behavioral flexibility and control loop of the basal ganglia is involved in the recognition of social disapproval, self-regulatory control, selecting relevant knowledge from irrelevant knowledge, maintaining attention, and stimulus-response learning.