MULTIPLE CHOICE
15. Which statement about sensory receptors is true?
a. Each sensory receptor can respond to a variety of stimuli, such as cold, heat, or pain.
b. Sensory receptors are evenly distributed throughout the body.
c. The intensity of pain depends on the number of fibers stimulated.
d. The brain identifies the location of pain because each part of the body contains a different type of receptor.
ANS: C
The intensity of pain depends on the number of fibers stimulated. Each sensory receptor responds to a different type of stimulus. Some parts of the body contain more sensory receptors than other parts. The brain identifies the location of pain because each sensory neuron responds to stimuli in a certain area, called a receptive field.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 206 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
16. A patient comes to the emergency department complaining of a dull, aching pain in his lower abdomen. He is experiencing pain carried on
a. fast pain fibers.
b. slow pain fibers.
c. nociceptors.
d. the spinoreticular tract.
ANS: B
Slow pain fibers are congregated on deep body organs and produce a dull, aching pain. Fast pain fibers are abundant in the skin and mucous membranes, and produce a sharp, localized pain at the time of injury. Nociceptors are the general category of pain receptors, and can be either fast or slow fibers. The spinoreticular tract carries pain signals to the limbic system.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 207 KEY: APPLYING
17. Identify the proper path of the main pain pathway, beginning with the site of injury and ending at the point where the person becomes aware of pain.
a. Injured tissues stimulate nociceptors; the pain signal then travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the spinothalamic tract relays pain signal to thalamus; the thalamus relays the pain signal to the postcentral gyrus
b. Injured tissues stimulate nociceptors; the pain signal travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; the spinoreticular tract relays the pain signal to the thalamus; the thalamus relays the pain signal to the postcentral gyrus
c. Injured tissues stimulate nociceptors; the pain signal travels to the spinoreticular tract; the spinoreticular tract relays the pain signal to the hypothalamus and limbic system
d. Injured tissues stimulate the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; the spinothalamic tract stimulates the spinoreticular tract; the spinoreticular tract stimulates the thalamus; the thalamus relays a signal to the limbic system
ANS: A
Injured tissues stimulate nociceptors, which then send a pain signal to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. There, the spinothalamic tract relays a pain signal to the thalamus, which, in turn, relays the pain signal to the postcentral gyrus. At that point, the person becomes aware of the pain. The spinoreticular tract bypasses the thalamus and travels to the hypothalamus and limbic system. These areas trigger the emotional and behavioral responses to pain.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 207 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
18. A patient comes to the hospital with a severe crush injury of the leg. He is complaining of severe pain. He also says he is feeling very nauseous and, after a few minutes, vomits. What is the best explanation for the nausea and vomiting?
a. Chemicals released from tissues in the injured foot flooded the digestive system, producing nausea and vomiting.
b. Nociceptors from the lower limbs travel along a similar pathway as chemical receptors from the digestive tract, causing the body to confuse the location of the stimulus.
c. Pain signals traveling along the spinoreticular tract carried signals to the hypothalamus and limbic system, triggering nausea as a response to pain.
d. The spinothalamic tract relayed a signal to the thalamus and postcentral gyrus, which reacted to the pain by producing nausea.
ANS: C
Pain signals travel up the spinal cord along both the spinothalamic tract and the spinoreticular tract. The spinoreticular tract carries signals to the reticular formation of the brainstem, stimulating both the hypothalamus and the limbic system. This triggers emotional and behavioral responses to pain, such as fear and nausea. The spinothalamic tract carries signals to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum, which produces an awareness of pain. Tissues in an injured area would not release chemicals that cause nausea. Nociceptors do not follow similar pathways as chemical receptors.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 207 KEY: APPLYING
19. Taste buds send gustatory impulses to the brain through which cranial nerves?
a. Facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus
b. Olfactory, facial, or vagus
c. Facial only
d. Glossopharyngeal only
ANS: A
Taste buds send gustatory impulses to the brain by way of either the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves. The cranial nerve used depends upon the location of the taste bud stimulated. The olfactory nerve governs the sense of smell. Although an impaired sense of smell may be linked to a loss of taste, taste buds do not send impulses through the olfactory nerve.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 209 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
20. What triggers the process of the sense of smell?
a. Odor molecules entering the nasal cavity bind to cilia projecting from the ends of olfactory receptor cells.
b. Chemicals in saliva trigger receptors for the olfactory nerve.
c. Odor molecules entering the nasal cavity excite the olfactory bulbs under the brain’s frontal lobe.
d. Chemicals in saliva stimulate nerve fibers in the soft palate, which, in turn, synapse with neurons in the olfactory bulbs.
ANS: A
Odor molecules entering the nasal cavity bind to cilia projecting from the ends of olfactory receptor cells. This then stimulates an impulse along nerve fibers leaving the nasal cavity through pores in the ethmoid bone. These fibers then synapse with other neurons in olfactory bulbs, and the signal continues to the primary olfactory cortex in the brain.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 210 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
21. Where are the structures for hearing found?
a. Vestibule
b. Cochlea
c. Semicircular canals
d. Middle ear
ANS: B
The cochlea, which is found in the inner ear, contains the structures for hearing. The vestibule contains organs necessary for the sense of balance. The semicircular canals contain structures for the maintenance of equilibrium and balance. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles and the tympanic membrane, which transmit sound waves to the cochlea.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 212 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
22. Which of the following is a structure of the middle ear?
a. Semicircular canal
b. Vestibule
c. Malleus
d. Cochlea
ANS: C
The malleus is a structure in the middle ear. The semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea are structures of the inner ear.
PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 211 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
23. In the process of hearing, which action directly stimulates nerve impulses along the cochlear nerve?
a. The vibration of the stapes against the oval window
b. Sound waves striking the tympanic membrane
c. Ripples in the perilymph striking the round window
d. Ripples in the perilymph over the hairs of the organ of Corti
ANS: D
Movement of perilymph stimulates the hairs of the organ of Corti to send impulses along the cochlear nerve. Vibration of the stapes against the oval window causes movement in perilymph. Sound waves striking the tympanic membrane cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, which triggers movement in the auditory ossicles. Ripples in the perilymph dissipate by striking the round window.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 213 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
24. Which two structures play a key role in the process of balance?
a. Cochlea and vestibule
b. Vestibule and malleus
c. Cochlea and semicircular canals
d. Vestibule and semicircular canals
ANS: D
The vestibule and semicircular canals play a key role in the process of balance. The cochlea contains the organs for hearing. The malleus is a key structure in hearing.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 214 KEY: UNDERSTANDING
25. Which of the following would cause the otoliths inside the vestibule to shift and stimulate the vestibular nerve?
a. Sudden head rotation
b. Bending forward at the waist
c. Loud noises
d. Ear wax in the external auditory canal
ANS: B
Tilting the head causes the otoliths to shift. Head rotation causes endolymph inside the ampulla to pull on hair cells, which, in turn, stimulates the vestibular nerve. Neither loud noises nor ear wax in the external auditory canal would cause the otoliths to shift.
PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 214 KEY: APPLYING
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